Chronology of Pre-War Imperial Battleships

After entering the steam age, the cannons mounted on the sides of warships were gradually replaced by turrets

Java Sea Level

The "Huang Hai" was launched on November 9, 1917, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1917). It was launched on October 12 of the following year and completed on June 25, 1919, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In August 1938, it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In March 1940, it rejoined the South Seas Fleet and was deployed in World War II. In August 1938, it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In March 1940, it rejoined the South Seas Fleet and was deployed in World War II

After the birth of the battleship Yamato and before the outbreak of World War II, the Imperial Navy designed a total of fifteen classes of battleships, constructed twelve classes, and built a total of fifty-two battleships

The "Wuyishan" was launched on May 1, 1909, at the Kaohsiung Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (541). It was launched on September 27 of the following year and completed on June 8, 1911, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (547), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. During the "Maroki Naval Battle," it followed the "Dabashan" and made an erroneous turn, resulting in concentrated bombardment from two enemy ships, losing power, and was subsequently sunk by torpedoes from its own destroyers. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (547), it was incorporated into the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. During the "Maroki Naval Battle," it followed the "Dabashan" and made an erroneous turn, resulting in concentrated bombardment from two enemy ships, losing power, and was subsequently sunk by torpedoes from its own destroyers

Chongming Island Class (Island Class B)

The "Daxing'anling" was launched on September 11, 1911, at the Kaohsiung Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (1911). It was launched on December 8 of the following year and completed on October 27, 1913, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, participating in the "Marokko Naval Battle" and the "Ceuta Naval Battle," during which it sank the Italian battleships "Duke of Cavour" and "Leonardo da Vinci." In June 1918, it returned to the Empire and participated in the "Withron Island Naval Battle" in October, severely damaging the Japanese battlecruiser "Hiei." In May 1919, it took part in the "Java Sea Battle." In April 1923, it returned to the Kaohsiung Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Xingkai Lake" was commenced on July 1, 1905, in the Jiangnan Shipyard, during the 537th year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on April 8 of the following year and completed on September 11, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and sank during the "Battle of Malokai"

The "Himalayas" was launched on July 17, 1914, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 546 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on May 23 of the following year and completed on November 28, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In October 1918, it participated in the "Battle of Yulun Island," and in November, it took part in the raid on Nagasaki Port. In May 1919, it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea." In August, it sailed to the North Atlantic. In November 1936, it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In September 1938, it returned to Gibraltar and was assigned to the Imperial Atlantic Fleet. In October 1939, it was engaged in World War II.

The "Altai Mountain" was launched on January 27, 1913, at the Kaohsiung Shipyard. Due to improper construction, the shipyard caught fire, resulting in the vessel being launched only on March 7 of the following year. It was completed on December 18 of the same year and was incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In 1915, it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, participating in the "Battle of Marokko" and the "Battle of Ceuta," and later remained stationed at the Gibraltar Fortress alongside the "Dabie Mountain." In August 1926, it returned to the Kaohsiung Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In June 1928, it returned to Gibraltar. In March 1936, it underwent a six-month improvement at Gibraltar. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Donghai" was launched on November 11, 1917, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 549 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on October 15 of the following year and completed on June 23, 1919, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In July 1938, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a comprehensive overhaul and improvements lasting one and a half years. In February 1940, it rejoined the Eastern Fleet and was deployed in World War II. In July 1938, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a comprehensive overhaul and improvements lasting one and a half years. In February 1940, it rejoined the Eastern Fleet and was deployed in World War II.

The "Qinling" was launched on January 3, 1913 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 545) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was launched on October 8 of the same year. It was completed on April 7 of the following year and was incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 550), it participated in the Battle of Wulun Island, where, after collaborating with the "Changbai Mountain" to severely damage the Japanese battleships "Fusō" and "Shinano", its steering gear was destroyed, forcing it to withdraw from the battle prematurely. In May 1919 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 551), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea, where its steering gear was again destroyed during the third engagement with the American ship "Mississippi", compelling it to withdraw from the fight. In January 1926 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 558), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In 1939 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 571), it was deployed in World War II.

The "Hulun Lake" was launched on July 28, 1905, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 537 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on May 11 of the following year and completed on October 8, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the year 547 of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, where it sustained heavy damage in the "Battle of Malokai" and sank while returning to the Gibraltar Fortress.

The "Bayan Har Mountain" was launched on July 21, 1914, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the 546th year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on June 7 of the following year and completed on December 8, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. During World War I, the ship was active in the Pacific. In October 1918, it participated in the "Battle of the Orel Islands" and in November took part in long-term bombardment operations. In May 1919, it participated in the "Battle of the Java Sea." In January 1937, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a year and a half of major repairs and comprehensive upgrades. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

Because the "Poyang Lake" was commissioned eight days earlier than the "Taihu", this class of battleships is also referred to as the "Poyang Lake" class

As a new type of battleship designed in the post-war period, it departed from the traditional characteristics of the empire's battleships, which emphasized heavy firepower and protection at the expense of speed. The aim was to achieve a perfect balance among the three main performance metrics: firepower, protection, and speed. Preliminary design work commenced in May of the 552nd year of the Ming calendar (1920 AD), and by the time the Washington Naval Treaty was signed, approximately 70% of the design work had been completed, after which it was discontinued in accordance with the treaty provisions

The Qinling-class battleship was the last class of battleships built by the Imperial Navy before the outbreak of World War I. Among them, the "Altai Mountain" was delayed in its commissioning due to improper construction by shipyard workers, and it only joined the navy after the war began. Furthermore, during World War I, this class of battleships was the only one in the Imperial Navy that did not sink in battle. After the outbreak of World War II, all of this class of battleships participated in combat except for the "Taihang Mountain".

Dongting Lake Level (Lake Class A)

Fearless Class

The "Bohai" was launched on November 14, 1917, at the Qingdao Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1917). It was launched on October 19 of the following year and completed on June 29, 1919, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In July 1938, it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In February 1940, it rejoined the Eastern Fleet and was deployed in World War II. In July 1938, it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In February 1940, it rejoined the Eastern Fleet and was deployed in World War II

The "Tai Shan" was launched on January 8, 1907 (Mingli Year 539) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was launched on December 18 of the same year. It was completed on August 9 of the following year and was incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In October 1918 (Mingli Year 550), it participated in the "Battle of Iwo Jima," sinking the Japanese battleship "Kanoe" and severely damaging the battlecruiser "Birei," earning the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In May 1919 (Mingli Year 551), it took part in the "Battle of Java Sea," sinking the British battleship "HMS King" and receiving the "Imperial Diet Collective Honor Medal." In October 1918 (Mingli Year 550), it participated in the "Battle of Iwo Jima," sinking the Japanese battleship "Kanoe" and severely damaging the battlecruiser "Birei," earning the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In May 1919 (Mingli Year 551), it took part in the "Battle of Java Sea," sinking the British battleship "HMS King" and receiving the "Imperial Diet Collective Honor Medal." In October 1920 (Mingli Year 552), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a comprehensive overhaul lasting one year. On August 9, 1933 (Mingli Year 565), on the day it completed twenty-five years of service, the ship was honorably decommissioned and preserved. In October 1920 (Mingli Year 552), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a comprehensive overhaul lasting one year. On August 9, 1933 (Mingli Year 565), on the day it completed twenty-five years of service, the ship was honorably decommissioned and preserved. In December 1939 (Mingli Year 571), it was reactivated and returned to service after undergoing an eight-month upgrade, participating in World War II.

Xingkai Lake Class (Lake Class B)

The "Yinshan" was launched on July 8, 1914 (the 546th year of the Ming calendar) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was completed on November 22 of the same year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the Battle of the Ogasawara Islands, and in November, it took part in the raid on Nagasaki. In May 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the Battle of the Java Sea, where it was struck by three torpedoes and sank.

The "Changbai Mountain" was launched on April 11, 1909 (the 541st year of the Ming calendar) at the Dalian Shipyard, and was commissioned on September 7 of the following year. It was completed on June 1, 1911 (the 543rd year of the Ming calendar) and incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated continuously in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the Battle of Tsushima, inflicting heavy damage on the Japanese battleships "Fusō" and "Yamashiro," and sinking two Japanese armored cruisers. In November of the same year, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a three-month major overhaul. In May 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea. In March 1923 (the 555th year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a year and a half of extensive repairs and improvements. In October 1939 (the 571st year of the Ming calendar), as the vanguard of the Imperial Navy, it was deployed in World War II.

The Yinshan-class battleship was an urgent necessity for the Empire in response to the war. It was constructed as a class of battleship with minor modifications based on the Qinling-class battleship, and is therefore also referred to as the "Qinling-class Type B." Originally, the plan was to build five ships of this class; however, due to the completion of the design work for a new type of battleship, the last two ships were canceled, resulting in the construction of only three ships.

The "Dianchi" was launched on August 27, 1905 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 537) at the shipyard in Qingdao, and was completed on October 30 of the same year, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In December 1917 (the ninth year of the Ming calendar, 549), it returned to the Qingdao shipyard for a nine-month overhaul. In May 1919 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar, 551), it participated in the "Battle of the Java Sea," where it sank the British battleship "Reckless" of the Bellerophon class, severely damaging the "Splendid" and "Bellerophon" before being sunk itself. Subsequently, the ship was posthumously awarded the "Collective Honor Medal of the Imperial Council." This was also the only warship during the entire conflict to be awarded the highest honor medal after being sunk.

With the advancement of artillery, ammunition, and armor technology, the secondary main gun has gradually lost its value of existence

With the ironic "Battleship Holiday" coming to an end, and the tumultuous "Twenty Years of Armistice" concluding, the battleships that dominate the oceans remain active on the stage of war in the new world war, using their unparalleled armor to shield the empire from storms and writing a new chapter for the imperial navy with their indomitable cannons

A warship equipped with heavy artillery and armor capable of withstanding shells fired by its own main guns at conventional combat ranges can be referred to as a "battleship" when serving as the main force in a fleet engagement

The "Wanzi Lake" was launched in December of the 535th year of the Ming calendar (1903 AD) at the shipyard in Qingdao, and was completed on December 31 of the same year, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915 AD), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. After suffering heavy damage in the "Battle of Marokai," it returned to the Gibraltar Fortress for minor repairs. On March 8 of the 550th year of the Ming calendar (1918 AD), while returning to the Empire and passing by Asuncion Island, it capsized and sank.

The "Taihu" was launched on August 5, 1904 (the 536th year of the Ming calendar) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was completed on October 18 of the same year after being launched on June 21. It was incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and set sail for the North Atlantic. On October 11, 1917 (the 549th year of the Ming calendar), it sank during the "Battle of Marokai".

Yinshan Class (Qinling Class B)

Pacific class

The "Anima Qing Shan" was launched on July 21, 1911 (the 543rd year of the Ming calendar) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was commissioned on August 9, 1913 (the 545th year of the Ming calendar), joining the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated continuously in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the Battle of Withron Island, inflicting heavy damage on the Japanese battlecruiser "Mikasa." In November, it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a three-month major overhaul. In May 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea, first severely damaging the British battleship "Queen Elizabeth," then sinking the American battleship "Arizona," and subsequently being heavily damaged by the American battleship "Pennsylvania." In June 1923 (the 555th year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a year-and-a-half major overhaul and comprehensive improvements. In October 1939 (the 571st year of the Ming calendar), as the vanguard of the Imperial Navy, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Qilian Mountain" was launched on April 15, 1909 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 541) at the Guangzhou Shipyard, and was launched on September 3 of the following year. It was completed on May 25, 1911 (the third year of the Ming calendar, 543) and was incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In 1915 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar, 547), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and served as the flagship of the fleet. In October 1917 (the ninth year of the Ming calendar, 549), it participated in the "Battle of Marokko". In December, it took part in the "Battle of Ceuta". Until the end of World War I, the ship operated with Gibraltar Fortress as its home port in the North Atlantic. In May 1923 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 555), it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a year-long major overhaul and comprehensive improvements. In 1935 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar, 567), it underwent a second eight-month improvement at the port of Gibraltar. In 1939 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar, 571), it was deployed in World War II.

The Kunlun class is the most numerous type of modern battleship ever built in the history of the Imperial Navy. This class of ships incorporated a large number of new technologies and processes, and its design was quite outstanding, making it the best-performing battleship built by various countries before the outbreak of World War I. Consequently, the ten Kunlun class battleships supported the backbone of the Imperial Navy during World War I, being very active in both the North Atlantic and the Western Pacific. After the war, the remaining five ships of this class continued to serve and also performed admirably in World War II. Thus, the ten Kunlun class battleships upheld the backbone of the Imperial Navy during World War I, being very active in both the North Atlantic and the Western Pacific. After the war, the remaining five ships of this class continued to serve and also performed admirably in World War II

In a strict sense, the "Taihu" class is merely a replica of the "Dongting Lake" class; aside from certain differences in detailed design, the main technologies and performance indicators of the two classes of principal warships are fundamentally indistinguishable.

Kunlun Mountain Level

The "Dongting Lake" was commenced at the Jiangnan Shipyard in December of the 535th year of the Ming calendar (1903 AD), launched on July 15 of the following year, and completed on November 21, subsequently incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, it operated continuously in the Pacific. In December of the 549th year of the Ming calendar (1917 AD), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for comprehensive improvements. In January of the 551st year of the Ming calendar (1919 AD), it returned to the fleet and was subsequently sunk in the "Battle of the Java Sea".

At that time, the imperial navy redefined the "battleship"

With the promotion and application of gunpowder in warfare, artillery gradually became the primary weapon in naval battles, with cannon fire replacing boarding actions and becoming the main form of naval combat

The "Daba Mountain" was launched on April 9, 1909, at the Qingdao Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (1909). It was launched on August 20 of the following year and completed on April 23, 1911, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. During the "Maroki Naval Battle," it suffered heavy damage due to a miscalculated turn, coming under concentrated fire from three enemy ships. In March of the tenth year of the Ming calendar (1918), it sank while returning, passing by the island of Asuncion.

Qinling Class (Type A)

The battleship that has dominated the oceans for hundreds of years will not exit the stage of history, nor should it exit the stage of history

Although the five "Taishan" class battleships in the Imperial Navy were an urgent necessity of the arms race and served as transitional warships with significant implications before the advent of new technologies, all five battleships performed exceptionally well in warfare. Except for the "Hengshan" which sank during World War I, the other four participated in both World Wars and achieved remarkable military accomplishments

The new generation of maritime supremacy has thus been born, marking the arrival of a new era of naval warfare

The "Hengshan" was launched on January 18, 1907 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 539) at the shipyard in Qingdao, and was launched on January 3 of the following year, completed on October 8, and incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship was active in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 550), it participated in the "Battle of the Ogasawara Islands," where it, along with its sister ship "Taishan," severely damaged the Japanese battlecruiser "Birei" and sank a Japanese armored cruiser, earning the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In May 1919 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 551), it participated in the "Battle of the Java Sea" and suffered heavy damage. In November of the same year, the ship returned to the Qingdao shipyard for a year and a half of major repairs and comprehensive improvements. Thereafter, the ship served as a test vessel for new technologies of the Imperial Navy. In October 1939 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 571), the ship was one of the first major vessels of the Imperial Navy to complete mobilization and was deployed in World War II. Thereafter, the ship continued to serve as a test vessel for new technologies of the Imperial Navy.

The "Taihangshan" was launched on January 12, 1913, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on October 21 of the same year and completed on May 14 of the following year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, participating in the "Battle of Marocco" and the "Battle of Ceuta," where it sank the Italian battleship "Cayo Duilio" and the French battleship "Lorraine." In June of the seventh year of the Ming calendar (1915), it returned to the Empire and participated in the "Battle of Withron Island" in October. In May of the eighth year of the Ming calendar (1919), it took part in the "Battle of Java Sea," first sinking the British battleship "HMS Captain" and later severely damaging the American battleship "Idaho." In June, it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for major repairs. In July of the fifty-eighth year of the Ming calendar (1936), it replaced the decommissioned "Qinghai Lake" and served as a training ship for the Imperial Navy.

Compared to the new battleships that were successively completed and put into service during World War II, even the Yangtze-class battleships appear outdated. However, these warships, which once witnessed the history of the Imperial Navy and accompanied it through its most difficult times, did not fade into obscurity; they achieved remarkable military accomplishments during World War II

The "Dalian Lake" was launched in December of the 535th year of the Ming calendar (1903) at a shipyard in Guangzhou, with construction commencing in that month. It was launched on July 24 of the following year and completed on December 9, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and set sail for the North Atlantic. It later sank during the "Battle of Marokai".

The "Chongming Island" was launched on February 8, 1915 (the 547th year of the Ming calendar) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was completed on November 29 of the same year, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In May 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea." In October 1937 (the 569th year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In October 1939 (the 571st year of the Ming calendar), it was deployed in World War II.

The battleship "Dreadnought" began construction at the Jiangnan Shipyard on August 8, 1902 (the 534th year of the Ming calendar), was launched on April 6 of the following year, and was completed on December 10, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Northern Fleet. During World War I, it operated continuously in the Pacific. In March 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for its only major overhaul, missing the Battle of the Java Sea that broke out in May of the following year. In August 1921 (the 553rd year of the Ming calendar), in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty, the "Dreadnought" was decommissioned and sold for scrap the following May.

The "Nanhai" was launched on November 7, 1917, at the Jiangnan Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1917). It was launched on October 8 of the following year and completed on June 11, 1919, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In August 1938, it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In March 1940, it rejoined the South Seas Fleet and was deployed in World War II. In August 1938, it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In March 1940, it rejoined the South Seas Fleet and was deployed in World War II

Overall, the Chongming Island-class battleships were the best battleships built by the Imperial Navy before the "Battle of the Java Sea". However, these battleships were commissioned too late, and due to incomplete training, they missed the "Battle of the Coral Sea" and the raid on Nagasaki, resulting in unsatisfactory performance during the "Battle of the Java Sea". Because this class of warships is very similar to the Kuyu Island-class battleships, they are also referred to as the "Island B-class" battleships. Before the outbreak of World War II, all of these battleships underwent modernization. In the early stages of World War II, this class of battleships, along with the Kuyu Island-class battleships, undertook most of the combat missions.

The "Mingshan" was launched on August 3, 1911 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar) at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing on that date. It was launched on October 25 of the following year and completed on August 18, 1913 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar), subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In 1915 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. During the "Maroki Naval Battle," it sank after being subjected to concentrated bombardment from several enemy ships while providing cover for the "Wuyishan". This vessel was also the first battleship of the Imperial Navy to be sunk in the "Maroki Naval Battle". Later, the ship was posthumously awarded the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal"

As the "progenitor" of modern battleships, the "Dreadnought" ushered in an era of naval warfare. However, in a stricter sense, the "Dreadnought" was merely a warship with significant experimental characteristics and did not exhibit outstanding combat performance

The "Hua Shan" was launched on January 11, 1907, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1907). It was launched on December 15 of the same year and completed on August 22 of the following year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to 1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and participated in the "Battle of Marokko Sea." In the tenth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to 1918), it returned to the Empire in June for a six-month major overhaul and improvements. In May of the eleventh year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to 1919), it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea," sinking the American battleship "North Dakota" and severely damaging the Japanese battlecruiser "Kongō," earning the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In October of the twelfth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to 1920), it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a comprehensive one-year upgrade. On August 22, 1933, marking its twenty-fifth year of service, the ship was honorably decommissioned and preserved. In December of the thirty-first year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to 1939), it was reactivated after being decommissioned, and following a one-year improvement period, it was deployed in World War II.

The Kuyu Island-class battleship was the first type of battleship in the Imperial Navy to exceed a speed of 25 knots and to be equipped with 400 mm caliber main guns. This class of battleship achieved remarkable feats in the "Battle of the Java Sea." It can even be said that without this class of battleship, the Imperial Navy would have completely lost the "Battle of the Java Sea." Before the outbreak of World War II, all ships of this class underwent modernization and became the main battleships of the Imperial Navy in the early stages of the great war

The vessel "Poyang Lake" was commenced on August 20, 1904 (the 536th year of the Ming calendar) at the Dalian Shipyard. It was launched on June 14 of the following year and completed on October 10, being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, and later sank during the "Battle of Marokai"

In the age of sail, the cannons on warships were positioned on both sides, with the muzzles facing outward. To maximize the effectiveness of the cannons, warships needed to align their broadside against enemy vessels during combat. To concentrate the combat power of the fleet, warships were arranged in a line formation. The "battleship," which played a significant role in fleet engagements, is referred to as the "dreadnought."

The "Ulungu Lake" was launched on December 12, 1905, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (537). It was launched on August 11 of the following year and completed on December 24, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In December of the fifth year of the Ming calendar (549, 1917), it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for an eight-month overhaul. In December of the fifth year of the Ming calendar (550, 1918), during training, it collided with the armored cruiser "Nantong," resulting in severe damage to the bow, necessitating a ten-month major repair, causing it to miss the "Battle of the Java Sea." In August of the fifth year of the Ming calendar (553, 1921), in accordance with treaty provisions, the ship was decommissioned and sold for scrapping two years later. This vessel was also the only battleship among all those constructed and commissioned by the Empire before World War I that did not participate in any significant naval battles.

The "Dazhong Lake" was commenced at the Dalian Shipyard in December of the 535th year of the Ming calendar (1903 AD), launched on August 1 of the following year, and completed on November 28, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915 AD), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and immediately set sail for the North Atlantic battlefield. On October 11 of the 549th year of the Ming calendar (1917 AD), it sank during the "Battle of Marokai".

Among these battleships, forty-six participated in World War I, of which forty-five undertook combat missions and achieved remarkable military accomplishments during the war. Throughout the conflict, eighteen battleships were sunk, either due to battle damage or other reasons. Additionally, five were sold and dismantled after the war in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty. The remaining battleships all took part in World War II

Kuye Island Class (Island Class)

Qilin Level

The "Qinghai Lake" was launched on September 12, 1904 (the 536th year of the Ming calendar) at the shipyard in Qingdao, and was completed on December 1 of the same year, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In July 1914 (the 546th year of the Ming calendar), the ship suffered a boiler explosion due to improper training operations, subsequently returning to the Qingdao shipyard for a year-long overhaul and improvements, missing the opportunity for an expedition to the North Atlantic. In May 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it was heavily damaged in the "Battle of the Java Sea," and once again returned to the Qingdao shipyard for another year-long overhaul and improvements. In August 1921 (the 553rd year of the Ming calendar), in accordance with treaty provisions, the "Qinghai Lake" was disarmed and became a training ship for the Imperial Navy. It was also the only battleship among the nine dreadnoughts of the Imperial Navy's first three classes to survive to the post-war period, aside from the experimental "Dreadnought."

The "Zhaling Lake" was launched on December 21, 1905, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 537. It was launched on August 18 of the following year and completed on December 28, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar, 547 (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and sank during the "Battle of Malokai"

The "Zhoushan Island" was launched on February 11, 1915, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 547 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on January 24 of the following year and completed on December 8, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In May 1919, it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea." In October 1937, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Hainan Island" was commenced on November 30, 1914, at the Mawei Shipyard, and was launched on November 24 of the following year. It was completed on August 25, 1916, and incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In November 1918, it participated in the raid on Nagasaki. In May 1919, it took part in the "Battle of the Java Sea," severely damaging the British battleship "HMS Repulse" and sinking the British battleship "HMS Royal Oak." Subsequently, it also sank the American battleship "USS Oklahoma," earning the "Collective Honor Medal of the Imperial Diet." In November 1937, it returned to the Mawei Shipyard for a year and a half of major repairs and comprehensive improvements. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Sulawesi Sea" was laid down at the Mawei Shipyard on October 12, 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), and launched on October 27 of the following year. By the end of World War I, approximately 35% of the outfitting had been completed, after which construction was halted. In August 1921 (the 553rd year of the Ming calendar), in accordance with treaty provisions, the ship was sold for dismantling

Taihu Level (Lake B Level)

The Nanhai-class battleship was designed with a focus on addressing the issues exposed by the "Battle of the Java Sea," and it was a class of battleships that the Imperial Navy held in high regard. It represented the most advanced and powerful battleships completed and commissioned during the Great War. Unfortunately, due to scheduling issues, none of the four ships of this class were able to participate in the "Battle of the Java Sea." Even more regrettably, due to the scheduling of major repairs and comprehensive improvements, this class of battleships was also unable to engage immediately when World War II broke out. Unfortunately, due to scheduling issues, none of the four ships of this class were able to participate in the "Battle of the Java Sea." Even more regrettably, due to the scheduling of major repairs and comprehensive improvements, this class of battleships was also unable to engage immediately when World War II broke out

According to the standards of the time, only warships equipped with heavy artillery, with more than sixty guns, and featuring three tiers of gun decks could be referred to as "battleships" and serve as the main force in fleet engagements

Yangtze-class

Subsequently, the imperial navy began its transformation

Nanhai Class

The "Chao Hu" was launched on December 15, 1905 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was launched on August 1 of the following year, completed on November 30, and incorporated into the Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In December 1917 (the ninth year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for an eight-month overhaul. In October 1918 (the tenth year of the Ming calendar), it participated in the Battle of Yuron Island, severely damaging the Japanese battleship "Settsu." In May 1919 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea, displaying bravery and was awarded the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In August 1921 (the thirteenth year of the Ming calendar), in accordance with treaty provisions, the ship was decommissioned and sold for dismantling two years later.

Mount Tai Class (Five Sacred Mountains Class)

A new design of the first-class battleship was initiated in response to various issues exposed by the Imperial Navy's main battleships during World War I, as well as the new performance requirements for battleships that emerged during the war. The design work began in the early years of the 552nd year of the Ming calendar (1920 AD), and by the time the Washington Naval Treaty was signed, most of the foundational design had been completed. Subsequently, in accordance with the treaty provisions, the Empire ceased the design and construction of this class of warships. The design work began in the early years of the 552nd year of the Ming calendar (1920 AD), and by the time the Washington Naval Treaty was signed, most of the foundational design had been completed. Subsequently, in accordance with the treaty provisions, the Empire ceased the design and construction of this class of warships

The "Ili Lake" ("Balkhash Lake") was launched on December 30, 1905, at the shipyard in Qingdao, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1905). It was launched on September 11 of the following year and completed on January 23, 1907, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In December 1917, it returned to the Qingdao shipyard for a nine-month refurbishment. In May 1919, it participated in the "Battle of the Java Sea," performing excellently and was awarded the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In August 1921, in accordance with treaty provisions, the ship was decommissioned and sold for dismantling two years later.

The Java Sea-class battleship is an improved version of the Nanhai-class battleship and can be regarded as an enlarged modification of the latter. Originally, six ships were planned for construction; however, the last four could not be laid down before the end of the war due to the shipyard's scheduling constraints. After the war, in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty, the construction of the last four ships was completely canceled, and the first two ships, which had already been launched and outfitted, were also forced to be dismantled

The "Dabie Mountain" was launched on January 8, 1913, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 545 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on October 23 of the same year and completed on May 3 of the following year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In the year 547 of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, participating in the "Battle of Marokko" and the "Battle of Ceuta." After the "Qilian Mountain" returned to the Empire for major repairs and improvements, it served as the flagship of the Imperial Navy's Expeditionary Fleet and later during its time in the Imperial Atlantic Fleet. In August of the year 557 of the Ming calendar (1925), it underwent its first modification in the port of Gibraltar. In December of the year 568 of the Ming calendar (1936), it underwent its second modification in the same port. In October of the year 571 of the Ming calendar (1939), it was deployed in World War II. This vessel is noted as the warship with the longest overseas deployment time in the Imperial Navy, a record that remains unbroken to this day

The term "battleship" originates from the "line tactics" of the sailing era

The "Hengshan" was launched on January 9, 1907, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1907). It was launched on December 25 of the same year and completed on September 10 of the following year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, where it sank the American battleship "Michigan" during the Battle of Marok, severely damaging the battleship "South Carolina" before being sunk by a torpedo. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (corresponding to the year 1915), it was incorporated into the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, where it sank the American battleship "Michigan" during the Battle of Marok, severely damaging the battleship "South Carolina" before being sunk by a torpedo.

The "Java Sea" was launched on October 8, 1918, at the Kaohsiung Shipyard, with construction commencing in the 550th year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on October 12 of the following year, and by the end of World War I, approximately 40% of the outfitting had been completed before construction was halted. In August 1921, in accordance with treaty provisions, the ship was sold for dismantling.

The "Tianshan" was launched on August 21, 1911 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 543) at the Qingdao Shipyard, and was commissioned on November 11 of the following year. It was completed on September 21, 1913 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 545) and incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship was active in the Pacific. In October 1918 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 550), it participated in the Battle of Yonaguni, assisting its sister ship, the "Anima Qing Mountain," in severely damaging the Japanese battlecruiser "Kirishima." In May 1919 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 551), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea, serving as the flagship of the Third Fleet after the sinking of the "Kunlun Mountain," and inflicted heavy damage on the Japanese battleship "Hyuga," before being severely damaged by the "Ise." By the end of the year, it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for major repairs. In March 1923 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 555), it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard again for a comprehensive overhaul lasting one year. In October 1939 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 571), it was deployed as a vanguard of the Imperial Navy in World War II.

The "Taiwan Island" was launched on November 21, 1914, at the Kaohsiung Shipyard, with construction commencing in the 546th year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on November 8 of the following year and completed on July 17, 1916, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In November 1918, it participated in the raid on Nagasaki. In May 1919, it took part in the "Battle of the Java Sea," inflicting significant damage on the British battleships "Bahama," "Royal Oak," and "Ramillies," and was awarded the "Collective Honor Medal of the Imperial Diet." In November 1937, it returned to the Kaohsiung Shipyard for a year and a half of major repairs and comprehensive improvements. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Nanling" was launched on January 15, 1913, at the Qingdao Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (1913). It was launched on October 27 of the same year and completed on June 3 of the following year, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In October of the fifth year of the Ming calendar (1918), it participated in the Battle of Iwo Jima. In May of the sixth year of the Ming calendar (1919), it took part in the Battle of Java Sea, collaborating with the "Taihangshan" to sink the British battleship "HMS Centaur." In June, it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for an eight-month major overhaul after being heavily damaged by the American battleship "Idaho." In March of the eighth year of the Ming calendar (1926), it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for a year and a half of extensive repairs and improvements. In April of the eighteenth year of the Ming calendar (1937), it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard to begin a six-month upgrade. In October of the twenty-first year of the Ming calendar (1939), it was deployed in World War II.

During the reign of Emperor Xianzong, the imperial navy first provided a clear definition of "battleship"

This class of battleship is the only "treaty-type battleship" of the Imperial Navy, and at the outbreak of World War II, it was the most advanced and powerful battleship in the Imperial Navy with the shortest service life. Due to displacement limitations, this class of battleship abandoned the design principles of the Kirin class, focusing on firepower and protection while lowering the requirements for speed. Additionally, this class and the - diagram - book battleship incorporated a significant amount of design achievements from the Pacific class and Kirin class, as well as emerging technologies. At the outbreak of World War II, before a large number of new fast battleships were commissioned, this class of battleship represented the strength of the Imperial Navy.

The "Changjiang" was launched on August 8, 1922, at the Jiangnan Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (1922). It was launched on October 27, 1924, in the sixth year of the Ming calendar (1924), and completed on March 9, 1926, in the eighth year of the Ming calendar (1926). It was incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet and served as the flagship of the fleet. In January 1938, in the seventieth year of the Ming calendar (1938), it returned to the Jiangnan Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In October 1939, in the seventy-first year of the Ming calendar (1939), it was deployed in World War II.

The "Kunlun Mountain" was launched on April 4, 1909 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 541) at the Jiangnan Shipyard, and was launched on August 24 of the following year. It was completed on May 15, 1911 (the third year of the Ming calendar, 543) and was incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. In 1915 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar, 547), it was incorporated into the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet, where it severely damaged the American battleship "Delaware" and the British battleship "Hercules" during the "Battle of Morocco." In December 1917 (the ninth year of the Ming calendar, 549), during the "Battle of Ceuta" defending the Gibraltar Fortress, it sank the French battleship "France" and severely damaged the Spanish battleship "Jaime I." In June 1918 (the tenth year of the Ming calendar, 550), it returned to the Empire and participated in the "Battle of Withering Island" in October, serving as the flagship of the fleet. In May 1919 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar, 551), it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea" as the flagship of the Third Division Fleet and was sunk.

The "Tanggu La Mountain" was launched on August 17, 1911, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (543). It was launched on November 7 of the following year and completed on September 13, 1913, in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (545), subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the seventh year of the Ming calendar (547), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet. During the "Malokai Sea Battle," it provided cover for the "Daba Mountain". The ship broke away from the formation and came under attack from enemy vessels, sustaining five torpedo hits, and sank approximately fifteen minutes after the sinking of the "Minshan". Later, the ship was posthumously awarded the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal".

The "Beihai" ("Baikal") was launched on June 28, 1905, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Ming calendar (537). It was launched on April 17 of the following year and completed on September 22, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Beiyang Fleet. During World War I, the ship operated in the Pacific. In December of the fifth year of the Ming calendar (549, 1917), it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for an eight-month overhaul. In May of the seventh year of the Ming calendar (551, 1919), it participated in the "Battle of the Java Sea," firing a total of 336 main artillery shells and severely damaging the U.S. Navy's battleship "Utah." In August of the ninth year of the Ming calendar (553, 1921), the ship was decommissioned in accordance with treaty provisions and was sold for scrapping two years later

The "Songshan" was launched on August 8, 1907 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 539) at the Kaohsiung Shipyard, and was launched on July 28 of the following year, completed on December 29, and incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In 1915 (the seventh year of the Ming calendar, 547), it was incorporated into the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and participated in the "Battle of Marokai." In June 1918 (the tenth year of the Ming calendar, 550), it returned to Singapore and participated in the "Battle of Yulun Island" in October. In December of the same year, it returned to the Kaohsiung Shipyard for a three-month major overhaul. In May 1919 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar, 551), it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea," heavily damaging several enemy ships, and served as the rear guard during the fleet's retreat, displaying bravery by sinking three enemy cruisers and two destroyers, earning the "Collective Honor Medal of the Imperial Legislative Yuan." On December 29, 1934 (the fifth year of the Ming calendar, 565), on the day it completed twenty-five years of service, the ship was honorably decommissioned and preserved. In December 1939 (the eleventh year of the Ming calendar, 571), it was decommissioned and, after improvements, was deployed in World War II.

This is the basic design concept of the "Fearless Class".

The Xingkai Lake-class battleship was the most numerous, most advanced, and most active in battlefield performance among the early Imperial four-class battleships. Among them, the "Dianchi" and "Chaohu" exhibited the most remarkable performance. With the emergence of numerous new technologies and designs, the Xingkai Lake-class battleship became the last batch of dreadnoughts constructed by the Imperial Navy

The "Yellow River" was launched on August 10, 1922, at the Dalian Shipyard, with construction commencing in the 554th year of the Ming calendar. It was launched on November 3, 1924, and completed on March 21, 1926, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet as the flagship. In January 1938, it returned to the Dalian Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. It was incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet as the flagship on March 21, 1926. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

This class of battleship pioneered the "mass production" of the imperial navy's capital ships, providing numerous references for the subsequent mass production of various classes of capital ships. Additionally, the performance of this class of capital ship during the First World War was noteworthy. However, by the time the war broke out, its performance had severely lagged behind, leaving it with little ability to defend itself against powerful enemy vessels

In the year 530 of the Ming calendar (1898 AD), the Imperial Navy first proposed the construction of battleships that would eliminate the secondary main guns, standardize the caliber of the main guns, replace other artillery with uniformly equipped secondary guns, and feature armor capable of withstanding the shells fired by its own main guns within a certain range, thereby possessing the capability for all-direction combat.

The "Honghu" was launched on August 15, 1904 (the 536th year of the Ming calendar) at the Guangzhou Shipyard, and was completed on November 8 of the same year, being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In the 547th year of the Ming calendar (1915), it was assigned to the Imperial Expeditionary Fleet and suffered heavy damage in the "Battle of Marokai." On June 11, 1918 (the 550th year of the Ming calendar), it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a ten-month overhaul and improvements. On April 8, 1919 (the 551st year of the Ming calendar), it was recommissioned and immediately participated in the "Battle of Java Sea," where it was sunk.

The "Ryukyu Island" was launched on February 18, 1915, at the Guangzhou Shipyard, with construction commencing in the year 547 of the Ming calendar. It was launched on January 16 of the following year and completed on December 15, subsequently being incorporated into the Imperial South Seas Fleet. In May 1919, it participated in the "Battle of Java Sea." In October 1937, it returned to the Guangzhou Shipyard for a major overhaul and comprehensive improvements lasting one and a half years. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The "Kuye Island" was launched on November 8, 1914, at the Qingdao Shipyard, with construction commencing in the fifth year of the Meiji era. It was launched on October 27 of the following year and completed on June 22, 1916, being incorporated into the Imperial Eastern Fleet. In November 1918, it participated in the raid on Nagasaki. In May 1919, it took part in the "Battle of the Java Sea," sinking the British battleship "Ajax" and severely damaging the American battleship "New Mexico," earning the "Imperial Navy Collective Honor Medal." In December 1937, it returned to the Qingdao Shipyard for a year and a half of major repairs and comprehensive improvements. In October 1939, it was deployed in World War II.

The battleship was not eliminated as a result; rather, it gradually became the absolute main force in naval warfare. The "line formation tactics" further developed, and in fleet engagements, the battleship remained the absolute main force

Before the Dreadnought, battleships from various countries around the world were equipped with two or even three different calibers of main guns